改善HIV感染者获得并持续治疗的能力及抗逆转录病毒治疗依从性的指南

Description: After HIV diagnosis, timely entry into HIV medical care and retention in that care are essential to the provision of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Adherence to ART is among the key determinants of successful HIV treatment outcome and is essential to minimize the emergence of drug resistance. The International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care convened a panel to develop evidence-based recommendations to optimize entry into and retention in care and ART adherence for people with HIV.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted to produce an evidence base restricted to randomized, controlled trials and observational studies with comparators that had at least 1 measured biological or behavioral end point. A total of 325 studies met the criteria. Two reviewers independently extracted and coded data from each study using a standardized data extraction form. Panel members drafted recommendations based on the body of evidence for each method or intervention and then graded the overall quality of the body of evidence and the strength for each recommendation.

Recommendations: Recommendations are provided for monitoring entry into and retention in care, interventions to improve entry and retention, and monitoring of and interventions to improve ART adherence. Recommendations cover ART strategies, adherence tools, education and counseling, and health system and service delivery interventions. In addition, they cover specific issues pertaining to pregnant women, incarcerated individuals, homeless and marginally housed individuals, and children and adolescents, as well as substance use and mental health disorders. Recommendations for future research in all areas are also provided.

The availability of potent antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in remarkable decreases in HIV-related morbidity and mortality in the past 15 years (1 - 2). Entry into and retention in HIV medical care is critical to the provision of ART, and adherence to ART is among the key determinants of HIV treatment success (3 - 6). More than 2 decades of targeted research in these areas has produced a varied and complex evidence base that, to date, has not been fully evaluated or distilled into concrete recommendations for how to best monitor or support HIV care and ART adherence.

Recent data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reveal that only 28% of persons with HIV in the United States have achieved viral suppression (7). Of those who knew they had HIV, only 69% were linked to care, and only 59% were retained in care (8). These figures and comparable global data (9 - 10) challenge us to explore best practices for improving entry into and retention in care on a global scale. Only with successful care linkage and retention can ART be accessed. Once patients are in care and are receiving treatment, high levels of adherence are required to prevent the selection of resistance mutations and subsequent virologic failure (11). In a global pooled sample of 33 199 adults taking ART in over 84 observational studies, only 62% of persons achieved adherence of at least 90% of doses (12). These data underscore the need for concise and clear evidence-based recommendations to help care providers monitor and support ART adherence.

In this context, the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care (IAPAC) convened an expert panel to develop evidence-based recommendations to optimize entry into and retention in care and ART adherence and to monitor these processes. Members of the panel are listed in Appendix 1. These guidelines aim to define best practices that can be used by practitioners and health systems to improve adherence and, in turn, health outcomes. Our recommendations are based on the best published science; however, the evidence base remains insufficient in many areas. For that reason, we also highlight areas in which additional research is needed to inform future recommendations. We realize that implementation of these recommendations may, in some cases, require that new resources be identified to bring the benefit of best practices to our clinic populations. We believe that presenting recommendations based on rigorous science is the best avenue to achieve that end.

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