Abstract
Context:
Genetically determined heightened androgen sensitivity may influence the phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). To date, studies of the androgen receptor exon 1 polymorphic CAG repeat have produced conflicting results in PCOS.

Objective:
We tested the hypothesis that a lower number of CAG repeats is associated with increased odds of PCOS. We also compared X-chromosome inactivation between cases and controls.

Design:
Women with and without PCOS were genotyped for the CAG repeat and assessed for X-chromosome methylation. Association analyses were performed.

Setting:
Subjects were recruited from the reproductive endocrinology clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham; controls were recruited from the surrounding community. Genotyping took place at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.

Participants:
Participants included 330 women with PCOS and 289 controls (77% white, 23% black).

Main Measurements:
Androgen receptor genotype, X-chromosome methylation, and phenotyping for PCOS were measured.

Results:
A smaller biallelic mean of CAG repeats was associated with increased odds of PCOS. X-chromosome inactivation was not different comparing cases with controls; however, in the subset with nonrandom inactivation, the chromosome bearing the shorter CAG allele was preferentially active in PCOS women.

Conclusions:
Association of shorter CAG repeats with PCOS is consistent with in vitro functional studies demonstrating higher activity of androgen receptors expressed from alleles with fewer CAG repeats, suggesting inherited alteration in androgen sensitivity may contribute to PCOS. In some women, such heightened sensitivity may also result from preferential expression of androgen receptors with shorter alleles. Thus, genetic and epigenetic changes may be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS (Fig 3).

Figure 3: Distribution of CAG alleles with 60–100% activity. In the subgroup of women (151 PCOS, 143 controls) with nonrandom X inactivation, shorter (less than the race specific control median), CAG alleles were preferentially active in PCOS. Women with PCOS had 54.3% of active alleles less than the median, whereas controls had 46.2% of active alleles less than the median. *, P=0.036. (Reprinted from Shah NA, Antoine HJ, Pall M, et al. Association of androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1939-1945, with permission from The Endocrine Society.)